State University of New York College at Buffalo
Department of Sociology
Professor Zhang Jie, Ph.D.
Soc 393: Sociology of Mental Illness
Study Guide Number 1
Chapter 1: The
Problem of Mental Disorder
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Defining Mental Disorder
Mental
Disorder (Social)
Mental
Illness (Biological)
Norm
and normative behavior
Deviance
and deviant behavior
Mental Problems in the US
18.5-22.0%
annually
Epidemiologic
Catchment Area (ECA) 1980s
National
Comorbidity Survey (NCS) 1990s
Definitions of Mental Disorder
Broad -- deviant
Narrow -- undesirable
Professional -- undesirable, classified, treated
DSM System
DSM-III
(1975)
DSM-IV-TR
(2000)
DSM-V
(2013)
Chapter 2: Types of
Mental Disorder
DSM-IV-TR
Diagnostic
and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, text revision
Five Axes of Mental Disorder
Axis
I Psychiatric disorders
Axis
II Personality disorders
Axis
III Physical illness
Axis
IV Psychosocial stress
Axis
V -- Inadaptive social functioning
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Symptoms
are numerical
Diagnosis
is dichotomous
Depression
for example
At least 5 of the 7 symptoms must
be met for at least two weeks to determine the diagnosis.
Schizophrenia
Disturbance
in mood, thinking, and behavior
Involving
delusions (thought) and hallucinations (perception)
The
most commonly diagnosed mental disorder requiring hospitalization
1%
of Americans
Common symptoms of schizophrenia
Hallucinations
Delusions
Disorganized
thoughts and behaviors
Loose
or illogical thoughts
Agitation
(Anxiety and Distress)
Flat
or blunted emotional affect
Mood Disorders
7.1%
of Americans aged 18-54 years, per year
Major
Depression
Bipolar
Disorder
Anxiety
Disorder
Measure of Depression CES-D
Measure of Anxiety
Paraphilia -- Sexual Desire Deviance
Nonhuman
objects
Suffering
or humiliation
Children
or other non-consenting partners
Examples of Paraphilia
Exhibitionism
Fetishism
(non-living objects)
Frotteurism
(touching or rubbing -- )
Pedophilia
Sexual
masochism (suffering or humiliation)
Sexual
sadism (other suffering)
Personality Disorders
Antisocial
Borderline
disorder (unstable)
Personality
disorder
Avoidance
Dependence
Obsessive-Compulsive
Personality Disorders
Other Types of Mental Disorders
Eating
Disorder
Sleep
Disorder
Impulsive-Control
Disorder
Adjustment
Disorder
Chapter 3: Concepts
of Causes and Cures
Etiology of Mental Disorders
The
Medical Model
The
Psychoanalytic Model
The
Social Learning Model (Behavior Modification)
The
Social Stress Model
The
Anti-psychiatric Model
The Medical Model
Disease
Treatable
Physiological,
biochemical, or genetic causes
Medicalization
Psychopharmacology
(effectively controlling symptoms, but not curing)
Behavior
Genetics
Identical
twins: 50% for schizophrenia
Identical
twins: 70% for mood disorder
The Psychoanalytic Model (The Neurologist Sigmund Freud, 18561939)
Freudianism on Personality Development
Sigmund
Freud proposed that normal personality develops through a series of stages in
childhood
Personality
consists of three elements for Libido:
(1)
idinborn drives, pleasure-seeking
(2)
egobalances the id, rational
(3)
superegothe conscience, moral
The
ego advises the id to obey the superego
Human Mind: Conscious and Unconscious Parts
Freudianism
All
dreams are fulfillments of wishes
Oedipus
complex
Electra
complex
Critiques
of Freudianism
Not
testable
His
own experience
Freudian Psychosexual Development
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latent
Genital
Psychoanalysis
The Social Stress Model
Stressor
Moderator
(coping)
Outcomes
The Strain Theory of Mental Disorder
Stress
is not necessarily detrimental
Two
stresses pressuring a person in different directions consist of a strain
Psychological
strains lead to frustration
The
results of unresolved frustration can be mental disturbance and then mental disorder
The Four Sources of Strain for Mental Disorder
Source
1: Differential Values
from
differential values
Source
2: Reality vs. Aspiration
from the discrepancy between aspiration and reality
Source
3: Relative Deprivation
from the relative deprivation
Source
4: Deficient Coping
from
deficient coping skills in the face of a crisis
The Anti-psychiatric Model
R.
D. Laing:
Schizophrenia
is a sane response to an insane world
Mental
disorder is caused by social, political, and economic circumstances
Thomas
Szasz:
Mental
disorder is not something a person has but is something he/she does or is.
Thomas Szasz on Mental Illness
No
physical evidence
Subjective
and dependent on social norms
Resulting
from problems of living
Conflicting
from social values
Chapter 4: Mental Disorder as Deviant Behavior
Levels of analysis
Macro-Level
Approaches to Mentally Deviant Behavior
Micro-Level
Approaches to Mentally Deviant Behavior
Deviance and Norm
Norms
are expectations of behavior shared by people in specific groups or certain
social settings.
Deviance
is any act or behavior that violates social norms.
Not
all deviant behavior is bad.
Conflict Theory
Karl
Marx (1818-1883)
Economic
Determinism
Private
ownership
Social,
psychological,
ethical,
and legal
but
not medical
Functionalism
Emile
Durkheim (1858-1917)
All
that exists are functional
Structuralism
Social
facts, only social facts
Durkheim on Suicide
Egoistic
-- Lack of social integration
Altruistic
-- Too much social integration
Anomic
-- Lack of social regulation
Fatalistic
-- Too much social regulation
Robert Merton (1910-2003): Concept of Anomie and Modes of
adaptatioin
Conformity
Innovation
Ritualism
Retreatism
rebellion
Economy and Mental Disorder
Albert
Pierce (1967)
Economic
fluctuation, either up or down, reduced social cohesion and
contributed to a higher frequency of suicide.
Harvey
Brenner (1973)
Mental
hospitalization will increase during economic downturns and decrease during
upturns.
Symbolic Interactionism
Max
Weber (1864-1920)
Subjective
interpretation
Responding
to symbols
Responding
not to facts
Blumer
and Cooley
Labeling
theory