Chapter Nine: Group 

• Definitions
  group
  nonsocial group
  social group
• Social facilitation and social loafing
  evaluation and complexity
• Deindividuation (reduction of accountability or responsibility)
  consequences of deindividuation
  the reason why deindividuation leads to impulsive acts
  experimental support to deindividuation and analysis
      Dodd, 1985; Zimbardo, 1970
• Decision making
  the basic assumption of American jury system
  groupthink
  solutions to groupthink

• The importance of friendship and positive relations
  Dale Carnegie (1957)
• Characteristics of people we like
• Propinquity effect (proximity effect)
  Maryland State Police Training Academy (Segal, 1974)
  The Westgate Apartments (Festinger, 1950)
  regular vs. mirror images (Mita et al., 1977)
  familiarity leading to liking
• The effect of physical attractiveness
  men and women
  "What is beautiful is good" stereotype
  people of the similar attractiveness level
  characteristics of beauty
  self-fulfilling prophecy (warm and cold instructor)
  Beauty is in the eye of the beholder
• Similarity effect
  Birds of a feather flock together
  complementarity hypothesis (Opposites attract)
  similarity theory vs. complementarity hypothesis
• Liking effect
  doling out praises lavishly
  backfire of lavish praises
  ingratiation
• Exchange theory
  Profits = Rewards - Costs
  maximization of profits
  types of rewards
  comparison level (high and low)
  criticism on exchange theory
• Equity theory
  fairness
  overbenefited vs. underbenefited partner

Chapter Eleven: Pro-social Behavior and Altruism 

• Definition:
  altruism
  prosocial behavior
• Does pure altruism exist?
• Why do people help others?
  three motives to help
      kin selection
      exchange
      empathy
• Sociobiological analysis why people help
  kin selection
  Edward O. Wilson (1975): passing along one's own genes
  the observation of bees (Greenberg, 1979)
  but why genetically dissimilar others?
  norm of reciprocity
• Social exchange theory analysis why people help
  Blau and Homans
  psychological and practical rewards and costs
  the cynical nature of social exchange theory
• Empathetical analysis why people help
  empathy (Batson, 1991)
  the existence of altruism
  selfish motives to relieve negative feelings
• Personality traits
  social learning (conditioning)
  gender difference
  the effects of moods
  "Feel good, do good" (Isen and Levin, 1972)
  three reasons why "feel good, do good"
      tending to see good side of the phenomenon
      prolonging good mood
      being self-aware
  "Feel bad, do good"
  sadness (not frustration or anger) increasing helping
• Situational factors
  rural vs. urban environments
  the number of bystanders (diffusion of responsibility)
  characteristics of the victim
      similar
      attractive