Variables

• constant
• category, value, attribute
• independent variable
• dependent variable

Units of analysis, units of observation

Hypothesis

Research approaches

• experiment
• survey
• content analysis
• participant observation
• secondary analysis

Level of measurements

• nominal
• ordinal
• interval
• ratio
• hyerachical relations among the four levels
• mutually exclusive
• mutually exhaustive

Description of raw data

• frequency
• bar chart

Organizing the univariate data

• frequency distribution of nominal data
• proportion
• percentage
• ratio
• rate
• rate of change
• continuous variables

Cross tabulations, cross-tabs

• nominal variables (at least two)
• column variables (independent variables)
• row variables (dependent variables)
• total percent
• row percent
• column percent

Graphic presentation

• pie chart (for nominal variables)
• bar graph, histogram (for any level)
• frequency polygons (for continuous variables)
• line charts
• maps

Distribution variance as shown in polygons

• normal distribution, mesokurtic, symmetrical
• peaked distribution, leptokurtic
• flat distribution, platykurtic
• positively skewed
• negatively skewed

Measure of central tendency

• mode
• median
• mean
• unimodal
• bimodal
• center of gravity
• sigma, summation sigma

Comparing mode, median and mean

• mode = median = mean
• positively skewed: mode, median, mean
• negatively skewed: mean, median, mode
• the importance of median in a salary distribution

Email / username / password / signature / send / receive / reply / forward / Cc / Bcc / Subject / folder / address book /

distribution list