TOP Evaluation Attendance Instructor Contact and Student Progress ENGLISH 130, BIBLICAL & CLASSICAL LITERATURE, Melvin J. Hoffman, Spr. 2001 1.00 Required Works for the Course: 1.10 Required Classical Works: Fagles, Robert. Trans. Aeschylus: _Orestia_ NY: Penguin / Viking, 1984. Fitzgerald, Robert. Trans. Homer: _The Iliad_ Garden City, NY: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1975. ______. Trans. Virgil: _The Aeneid_ NY: Alfred H. Knopf, 1990. Humphries, Rolf. Trans. Ovid: _The Metamorphoses_ Indiana U. Press, 1955. Grene, David et al. Transs. Sophocles: _Oedipus Plays_ 2nd. Ed. U. of Chicago Press, 1993. 1.20 Bible Versions either Required for Course or Recommended for Comparison. 1.21 Students must use one of the 3 versions below. For comparison, students are invited, not required, to use versions under 1.22, 1.23, Or 1.24--along with-but NOT INSTEAD OF one of the 3 ver- sions below: Assignments and Questions are Keyed to these 3 Versions Only: The Revised Standard Version with Apocrypha*(RSV) The New Revised Standard Version with Apocrypha* (NRSV) Revised English Bible with Apocrypya* (REB) 1.22 Only these three versions key the questions; i.e. questions assume verse numbers, person and place names, translation choices etc. of these three versions, and the presence of all books under discussion. 1.23 If students answer incorrectly because they are not using an approved version, the error will be considered an error in following instructions and will still count against them. Put another way, statements such as " My version does not have that book.", "My version does not use that name.", or "My version has different verse numberings." will be unacceptable excuses. 1.24 The following three versions lack only three books of the Vulgate, two of which books will have portions assigned in this course; otherwise, these fine versions would have been in- cluded with the three versions in section 1.10. The Jerusalam Bible (JB) The New American Bible (NAB) The New Jerusalem Bible (NJB) 1.25 These versions, which have editions both with and without the Apocrypha, are fine translations but are inconvenient for this course. The New English Bible (NEB) makes identification of individual verses difficult or impossible for reference purposes. The Good News Bible/Today's English Version (TEV) regularizes different names for people and objects to one; and--in many places-- adds interpretive words, not text original, for clarity. (Note: all versions add, to some extent; however, TEV's rampant uses of such additions makes it unusable for the course.) 1.26 The following excellent versions are excluded only for lack of books. The New American Standard Version (ASV) The New International Version (NIV) The Tanakh (TNK), JPS--1984 (Hardcover Only) The 1st. two lack editions with the Apocrypha*; the last lacks both Apocrypha* and Greek Christian (New Testament) Scriptures. 1.27 Use of Versions (below) is discouraged either/both as many words in them have altered or lost original English meanings and/or as their translators lacked recent archeological and textual evidence now available. The King James Version (KJV) The Douay-Rheims Version of the Vulgate (D-R) The Holy Scriptures (THS) Books--which Protestants term Apocryphal and Roman Catholics (with three books excepted) call Deutero-Canonical--are called "Jewish Greek Scriptures" in this course. 1.30 Reference Sources: (An * with a question warns that there may be a need to consult references below to answer correctly). Additional works which students need not purchase, but should know library locations of, or otherwise should have access to, include: 1. Biblical Atlases, No Specific Titles or Editions. 2. Dictionaries, Commentaries, Sources, Concordances and other Works Listed on Last three Pages of Syllabus. Also, students will need to locate, for certain answers, the following literary works: 3. Clement Moore's _Night before Christmas_. 4 & 5. Shakespeare's. As you like it and Hamlet. 2.00 Remarks on the Literatures. 2.10 Percentage Breakdown of Literatures: Approximate percentages paid respective literatures are: 25%--Jewish Hebrew Aramaic Scriptures, 10%--Jewish Greek Scriptures, 10%--Christian Greek Scriptures: for a Scripture total of 45%; 35%--Greek Classics, 25% --Latin Classics for a Classics total of 55%. 2.12 Jewish Aramaic Scriptures: Although Aramaic/Chaldee/Syriac words and influences appear in some Psalms, Ezekiel, Esther, Job, Jonah, Songs and elsewhere--the undisputed examples are: two letters in Ezra, 4.8-6.18 7.12-26; one narrative in and about Daniel, 2.4b-7.28; one verse in Jeremiah, 10.11; and two words in Genesis, 31.4. 2.13 Definition of Scriptural Terms: (Those with NRSV cf. pp. vi. vii.) The terms for scriptures used by the instructor in class and in syllabi combine the religion of the original intended audience with the language in which they have been transmitted to us. The earliest literature is termed Jewish Hebrew and Aramaic Scriptures. They are canonical for the largest and most familiar Jewish groups as well as of all Christians of whom I am aware. A Hebrew acronym TaNaKh is used by some Jews for this body of literature. It forms the entire Old Testament for Protestants and Part of the Old Testament for Roman, Orthodox, and Oriental Catholic churches. The next is termed Jewish Greek Scriptures. They occur in two families of texts: the Western and Eastern. The Latin Vulgate or Biblia Sacra has a Western book for which original Greek texts no longer exist: Second/Fourth Esdras. Eastern texts have the Western list minus Second/Fourth Esdras plus the Psalms of Solomon, the Odes, the 151st. Psalm and Third and Fouth Maccabees. No Jewish group accepts this literature as canonical, Protes- tants term them all as Apocryphal books, or--as a whole--the Western Text is termed the Apocrypha. Roman Catholics accept the Western books as a "Second" recognized canon or as "Duetero"-canonical with three exceptions. The exceptions are first/third Esdras, second/fourth Esdras and the Prayer of Manasseh. They are appended in the Latin version but not in vernacular versions. The Greek Orthodox accepts the Eastern Text as canonical except the Psalms of Solomon and the Odes. Fourth Maccabees is in an appendix. The Russian Orthodox accepts the Eastern Text as canonical except the Psalms of Solomon, the Odes and Fourth Maccabees. Oddly enough, it adds second/fourth Esdras. The last literature is termed Christian Greek Scriptures. They are not canonical Jews. They are canonical for almost all Christian groups. An exception is the Syrian Orthodox Church which excludes Second and Third John, Second Peter, Jude and Revelations. 2.14 Uses of Non-Canonical Scriptures: Besides mandatory or optional inclusion in appendices, various deno- minations have non-canonical scripture uses. For example, Anglicans use Apocryphal works in Lectionaries and in Liturgy. Likewise, the Orthodox use Odes in Liturgy. 3.10 Evaluation 3.11 Methods: There are no tests or term papers. Instead, there are 12 multiple- choice tests of 15 questions, and a 13th. multiple-choice test of 20 questions in lieu of a final. Students may use class notes, reading notes and books during the tests. Sharing notes or conversation is not allowed. (You get the questions ahead of time in this syllabus; the multiple-choice answer sheets only are handed out on the day of the test) 3.12 Final Grade Determination: The total raw score possible is 200 points /(12 x 15 = 180)+(1 x 20 = 20)/. From the 12 (not the 13th.) tests, the lowest four are dropped for an adjusted score of 140 points/(8 x 15 = 120)+(1 x 20)/. This ad- justed score multiplied by 5/7, with fractions rounded off, gives a semi-final maximum possible score of 100 from which each class-hour ab- sence over six class-hour absences results in a deduction of one point. (Details below.) Student grades are determined from their final scores curved against all other students in the course. Where natural gaps do not occur, the characteristic attendance and participation--of any group of students sharing a point total--affect the boundary determination. TOP 3.13 Attendance Policy: Attendance begins after add day, regularly before (and occasionally after) class. Leaving early without prior notice to professor can result in a 2/3 of the period absence. Each class-hour absence over six class- hour absences is a one-point loss from the maximum possible total of 100. NO DISTINCTION IS MADE BETWEEN EXCUSED OR UNEXCUSED ABSENCES. The six class-hour absences are meant to cover advisement, registration work conflicts; court appearances; family crises; field team-away trips; funerals; illnesses; jury military duty; religious holidays, vehicular failure, and weather delays etc. Six class-hour absences are already more than 10% of the semester's meetings. Innocence is not equivalent to at- tendance. If this offends students' senses of fair play etc., they should take another course or section. After add day, I pass out an attendance sheet at the beginning (and occasionally, without prior notice, at the end) of class. Prenotified departures, may or may not, result in no, to varied, deductions--depending upon how much time is lost. Unannounced departures (leaving class early without telling me in advance) receive penalties listed in the description below. Classes meet in differing numbers of sessions. A 42-45 session class meets M-W-F during a regular semester, Number of Unpenalized Absences: 6 Points lost for each absence beyond the above: 1 Unannounced Departure Penalty: 2/3 A 29-30 session class meets T-R during a regular semester or once a day during 6 weeks of summer. Number of Unpenalized Absences: 4 Points lost for each absence beyond the above: 1 1/2 Unannounced Departure Penalty: 1 A 19-20 session class meets once a day during 4 weeks of summer. Number of Unpenalized Absences: 2 2/3 Points lost for each absence beyond the above: 2 1/4 Unannounced Departure Penalty: 1 1/2 A 14-15 session class meets once a week during a regu- lar semester or once a day during 3 weeks of summer. Number of Unpenalized Absences: 2 Points lost for each absence beyond the above: 3 Unannounced Departure Penalty: 2 (Final Scores with Fractions will be Rounded off.) TOP 3.14 Instructor Contact and Test Limitations: Dpt. Xtt.: 5416/7; Dpt. Fax: 878-5700. E-mail Webpage No late or make-up test may be taken after test answers have been discussed in class. The discussion usually occurs the next class period after the test's class period, but for the single-session semester or for the 3/4-wk Summer course, the test and discussion may occur within the same class period. Therefore, if students know of their absence in advance, they should arrange with me to take the test earlier. 3.15 Student Awareness of Progress: My gradebook scores are available, during the semester, for stu- dents to check their relative standings. This may be done--time permitting--just before or after class, or during my regularly scheduled office hour. Students unaware of their progress will only have them- selves to blame. (Remember, others will see your scores as well as your seeing theirs. If grade confidentiality is a high priority for you, consider another course.) 3.16 Office Hours: TOP 4.00 Schedule of Assignments Literature Category Reading Assignment Assignment Number Jewish Hebrew and Aramaic " Genesis Exodus (Chapters 1-20) 1 " Exodus (Chapters 21-40) and 1st & 2nd Samuels 2 " Job and Amos 3 " Daniel and Jewish Greek Tobit 4 " Sirach/Ecclesiasticus, 2nd. Maccabees and Christian Greek Luke 5 " John, Acts and Galatians 6 Classical Greek Iliad (Books 1 - 9a) 7 " Iliad (Books 9b-18 ) 8 " Iliad (Books 17 -24 ) Agamemnon [1st. Orestes' Play] 9 " Libation Bearers, Eu- menides [2nd.& 3rd.]; Oedipus Cycle 10 Classical Latin Aeneid (Books 1- 6) 11 " Aeneid (Books 7-12) 12 " Metamorphoses 13 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4.10 Calendar of Assignments for Spring 2001 January M 22 W 24 F 26 M 29 (1) W 31 February F 2 M 5 (2) W 7 F 9 M 12 (3) W 14 F 16 M -- W 21 F 23 M 26 (4) W 28 March F 2 M 5 (5) W 7 F 9 M 12 (6) W 14 F 16 M 19 (7) W 21 F 23 M 26 (8) W 28 F 30 April M 2 (9) W 4 F 6 M -- W -- F -- M 16 (10) W 18 F 20 M 23 (11) W 25 F 27 M 30 (12) May W 2 CEP (13) All examinations are on Monday. (Fire Drill, Instructor Illness, or other exceptional circumstance etc., may result in use of Wednesday after Presidents' Day for examination.) 4.11 Reading Responsibility: The questions that follow specify passages and verses from within the reading assignment as well as passages or versus from other works with which to compare. It is tempting for students to read only the parts involved in the question. However, this practice frequently re- sults in losing enough context to get the proper answer. It is more work, but safer, to read the whole assignment. 4.12 Major Objectives: 1. Students will demonstrate a knowledge of the Bible as well as of Greek and Roman Classics from a literary standpoint. 2. Students will demonstrate a grasp of basic historical, li- terary, cultural, linguistic and other contexts: a neces- sary background for Biblical and Classical study. 3. Students will demonstrate an awareness of how varied the li- teratures are within the Bible, and among the Greek and Ro- man Classics in terms of genres, styles, themes and authors. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ The Lines immediately following form figures designed for the sighted; after a line of asterisks, a version designed for the blind and the visually impaired follows. 4.13 Figures ( ? ) = [ Terah ] = ( ? ) { 11.26-7 } / | Figure I. / | / ---------------------------------------- GENESIS GENEALOGIES / | | | / | | | { All in the Family} ( Sarah ) = [ Abraham ] ( ? ) = [ Haran ] = ( ? ) | | | | | | | | | { 20.12-3; 22.20-3 } | { 11.28 } [ Lot ] ( Milcah ) = [ Nahor ] | | | | { 11.29, 24.15, 24.24 } | ( ? ) = [ Bethuel ] | | | | | ----------------------------------- | | | | | | [ Isaac ] = ( Rebekah ) ( ? ) = [ Laban ] | | | | { 24.29-30, 28.5, 29.15-30 } | ------------------------- | | | | | | [ Jacob ] ( Rachel ) ( Leah ) Figure II. EXODUS GENEALOGIES ( Zilpah ) ============= [ Jacob ] ================= ( Bilhah ) | // \\ | | // \\ | { Gen. 35. 23-6 } | ( Leah ) | | ( Rachel ) | | | | | ------------- / | ------------ { 6.16, 6.18; | | / ------------ | | | | / | | | | Num. 3.17-20; [ Gad ] [ Asher ] / | | [ Dan ] [ Napthali ] / [ Joseph ] [ Benjamin ] 1 Chr. 6.11 } | | ---------------------------------------------------------------- | | | | | | | | | | | | [ Reuben ] [ Simeon ] [ Levi ] = ( ? ) [ Judah ] [ Issachar ] [ Zebulon ] | | --------------------------------------- | | | | [ Gershon ] | [ Kohath ] = ( ? ) [ Merari ] { 2.1, 6.20; Num. 3.27, | | | | 26.59; & 1 Chr. 6.12 } | -------------------------------- | | | | | | | | | | ( Jochabed ) = [ Amram ] [ Ishar ] [ Hebron ] [ Uzziel ] { 2.4, 15.20; | | 1 Chr. 6.3 } ----------------------- | | | | | | [ Aaron ] [ Moses ] ( Miriam ) ********************************************************************************************** Section 4.13 Contains two figures. The first figure is called Genesis Genealogies, subtitled: All in the family. Biblical Sources are all from the book of Genesis. They are chapter 11, verses 26 through 29, chapter 20, verses 12 & 13, chapter 22, verses 21 through 23, chapter 24, verses 15, 24, 29 & 30, chapter 28, verse 5, and Chapter 29, verses 15 through 30. A man named Terah with an unamed wife begets one daughter, Sarah and with another unnamed wife begets three sons, Abraham, Haran and Nahor. Abraham marries his half sister Sarah and they beget a son, Isaac. Haran with one unnamed wife begets a son, Lot and with another unnamed wife begets a daughter, Milcah. Nahor marries his brother Haran's daughter Milcah, his neice. Milcah and Nahor beget a son Bethuel. Bethuel with an unnamed wife begets a son, Laban and a daughter, Rebekah. Rebekah marries Isaac who is her first cousin twice or thrice removed depending on which line is traced, and they beget Jacob a.k.a. Israel. Meanwhile Rebekah's brother Laban by an unnamed wife begets two daughters, Rachel and Leah. Both of them marry their first cousin Jacob, who also has two concubines named Bilhah and Zilpah whose origins are unknown. This leads us to the second figure called Exodus Genealogies. The Biblical Sources are from the book of Genesis, chapter 35, verses 23 through 26, from the book of Exodus, chapter 2, verses 1 & 4, and chapter 6, verses 3, 16, 18 & 20. From the book of Numbers are chapter 3, verses 17 through 20 & verse 27, and chapter 26, verse 29. From the book of First Chronicles is chapter 6, verses 3, 11 & 12. The figure two genealogy begins where the first figure left off. Jacob a.k.a. Israel has married his two first cousins, Rachel and Leah, with whom he will have children. He also has the two concubines Zilpah and Bilhah with whom he will have children. With his concubine Zilpha, Jacob begets two sons, Gad and Asher. With his cousin-wife Leah, Jacob begets 6 sons, Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar and Zebulon. With his cousin-wife Rachel, Jacob begets 2 sons, Joseph and Benjamin. With his concubine, Bilhah, Jacob begets 2 sons, Dan and Naphthali. This adds up to a dozen sons. One son, Levi, with an unnamed wife, begets a daughter Jochabed, and 3 sons, Gershon, Kohath and Marari. Levi's son Kohath, with an unnamed wife, begets 4 sons, Amram, Ishar, Hebron and Uzziel. Levi's daughter Jochabed marries her brother Kohath's son Amram, her nephew. They beget Aaron, Moses and Miriam. This ends the figures. After a row of asterisks follows text for all readers. ********************************************************************************************** T H E T E N C O M M A N D E N T S (Exo 34.27 & Deu 4.13) [cf. Youngblood, Ronald. "Counting the Ten Commandments." Bible Review. X.6 (Dec. 1994): 30-35. Exodus 20.2 and Deuteronmony 5.6 The entire Jewish 1st. commandment The 1st of two vv. of the Protestant & Eastern Orthodox 1st. commandment The 1st of 5 vv. of the Roman Catholic & Lutheran 1st. commandment Exodus 20.3 and Deuteronomy 5.7 The 1st of 4 vv. of the Jewish 2nd. commandment The 2nd and last verse of the Protestant & Eastern Orthodox 1st. commandment The 2nd of 5 vv. of the Roman Catholic & Lutheran 1st. commandment Exodus 20.4-6 and Deuteronomy 5.8-10 The 2nd through 4th & last verse of the Jewish 2nd. commandment The entire Protestant & Eastern Orthodox 2nd. commandment The 3rd through 5th & last vv. of the Roman Catholic & Lutheran 1st. commandment Exodus 20.7 and Deuteronomy 5.11 The entire Jewish, Protestant and Eastern Orthodox 3rd. commandment The entire Roman Catholic and Lutheran 2nd. commandment Exodus 20.8-11 and Deuteronomy 5.12-15 The entire Jewish, Protestant and Eastern Orthodox 4th. commandment The entire Roman Catholic and Lutheran 3rd. commandment Exodus 20.12 and Deuteronomy 5.16 The entire Jewish, Protestant and Eastern Orthodox 5th. commandment The entire Roman Catholic and Lutheran 4th. commandment Exodus 20.13 and Deuteronomy 5.17 The entire Jewish, Protestant and Eastern Orthodox 6th. commandment The entire Roman Catholic and Lutheran 5th. commandment Exodus 20.14 and Deuteronomy 5.18 The entire Jewish, Protestant and Eastern Orthodox 7th. commandment The entire Roman Catholic and Lutheran 6th. commandment Exodus 20.15 and Deuteronomy 5.19 The entire Jewish, Protestant and Eastern Orthodox 8th. commandment The entire Roman Catholic and Lutheran 7th. commandment Exodus 20.16 and Deuteronomy 5.20 The entire Jewish, Protestant and Eastern Orthodox 9th. commandment The entire Roman Catholic and Lutheran 8th. commandment Exodus 20.17a and Deuteronomy 5.21b Part of the Jewish, Protestant and Eastern Orthodox 10th. commandment The entire Roman Catholic and Lutheran 9th. commandment Exodus 20.17b and Deuteronomy 5.21a The rest of the Jewish, Protestant and Eastern Orthodox 10th. commandment The entire Roman Catholic and Lutheran 10th. commandment ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5.01 Questions to Prepare for Test 1 on Genesis and Exodus 1.1-20 Questions 1-10: Genesis. 1. Compare 1.29 to 9.3. What might "some people," not you necessa- rily, conclude God's preference for the human diet to have been? 2. What was the Torah/Pentateuch's pattern for newly-wed residence with one exception? That is, who lived with whose parents? A. 2.24; 28.2-3 5; B. 24.51, 55, 58,9.18, 27 30; and 61. Exodus 2.21 3.1 3. Why did Rebekah's parents permit the exception? 4. Read 9.4; Leviticus 7.26-7 17.10-14; Deuteronomy 12.16 Acts 15.19-20. Throughout Judaic history, something was prohibited which early Christians were expected to refrain from. If any Christian-oriented groups continued to follow this ban, what medical procedure might this group reject? 5. Look at Fig. one. Isaac's spouse Rebekah is his 1st. cousin, once or twice removed, depending on how you get to Bethuel. Likewise, what is the relationship-besides wife to husband-- of Rachel or Leah to Jacob, Milcah to Nahor Sarah to Abraham? 6. A. 12.7-10; B. 20.2-18, 21.22-24; C. 26.7-33. Especially compare: 12. 7- 8 with 26.24-25, 12.10-20 with 26. 6.11, and 21.24-33 with 26.17-22, 26-33. Compare the three sets of readings, and consider why some think less than three accounts are here. 7. A. 12.18; 14.17, 18 21; 20.2 26.8; B. 13.7; 14.14-15; 17.23-7 33.15: C. 13.6; 14.16; 24.10, 34-5; 26-23; 30.43 33.13-4; D. 31.19, 30-35; 35.2; Joshua 24.2; Judith 5.6-9. Why do these patriarchs all inbreed? Note A, B,& C show reasons why they might be inbreeding. D enables you to exclude one reason--which people who do not read carefully often give inadvertently. 8. Examine 16.2 30.3-13. Noting the legally married wives' attitude, what would Hagar, Bilhah Zilpah be called today by physical and mental-health professional concerned with women's infertility? 9.* A. 11.27-28 31; Nehemiah 9.7 Judith 5.6-7; B. 15.2; 24.4 10; 25.20; 28.2-3 5-8; 31.17-8 45-8; (See D. 11.32 27.43. NAB REB notes on 31.47, NRSV notes c d, REB notes o p.) C. 14.13; How many places are linked with Abraham's origin? Those using JB should consult a classmate's versions for notes. It may be necessary to consult a reference work--dictionary, encyclopedia or Biblical atlas--for help regarding place names. 10. A. 23.3-20, 25.9-10, 35.27-9, 49.29-33 50.12-13; B. 33.18-19, 50.24-6, Exodus 13.19; Joshua 24.32 John 4.5; C. Acts 7.15-16. Compared to A B, what question does C. pose for Christian analysts? Questions 11-15: Exodus 1-20. (Test 1 Questions Continued) 11. A. 2.16-21; 3.1, 4.18; 18.1-12. B. Numbers 10.29 Judges 4.11. How many and what names--not titles or descriptions--does Moses' father-in-law have? 12. Read 18.11. What in Jethro's statement may strike a Jew, Chris- tian or Muslim of today as unexpected? (Compare 15.11 and Psalm 86.8--NAB, NEB, NRSV--as well as Genesis 1.26 and Psalm 138.1-- NEB, NRSV, or RSV.) For questions 13 and 14, consult figure 2 and read the verses on the descent of Aaron, Miriam Moses. 13. After reading fig 2's verses 7.7, what is the birth order of Moses, Miriam and Aaron? 14. To Moses what was A. Amram besides father, B. Jochabed, besides mother, C. Korath besides grandfather? 15. Compare 20.8-11 to Deuteronomy 5.12-5. What different reasons are given for the commandment? 5.02 Questions to Prepare for Test 2 on Exodus (Chapters 21-40) and 1st 2nd Samuels Questions 1- 5: Exodus (Chapters 21-40) 1. Compare 33.11 to 33.20-3. How might this comparison bother some analysts? 2. In chapter 25, what are the only complete images of animate beings allowed by the ark? 3. A. 19.25-20.17 24.3-7; B. 24.12; 25.16 21; 31.18; 32.15-16 32.15-16 32.19. C. 34.1, 4 27-29; If B is not counted, how often did God give Moses 10 commandments according to Exodus. 4. Compare 34.1 to 34.27. How might this comparison bother some analysts? 5. Is the lawgiving location clear? Compare 19.20, 24.15 34.4 with 33.6; Deut. 1.6 4.10. Questions 6-10: 1 Samuel [1 Kings in Old Douay-Rheims] (Test 2 Questions Continued) 6. Read chapters 1-3 to find the first "permanent" center for God's worship. (I want geography, not architecture.) 7. Compare 10.8 13.8-14 to 15.1-3 & 7-29.How many and what accounts are there of Saul losing his kingdom? 8. Compare 16.14-23 with 17.12-58, es- pecially 16.19-21 with 17.55 58. How may these two accounts bother some analysts? 9. One verse from chapter 28 lists three legitimate, not prohibited, ways to learn God's will. List both verse and ways. (Look up un- familiar words in reference works.) 10. In chapter, 28, what--which Saul had condemned--did he do himself? Questions 11-15: 2 Samuel [2 Kings in Old Douay-Rheims] (Test 2 Questions Continued) 11. Read 1.5-10 & 1 Samuel 31.4-6. How do the Saul death accounts differ? 12. Read 2.8-11 chapters 3 & 4. Who was Israel's king right after Saul? Be careful; be sure that you know what "Israel" means? 13. A. 3.2; 14.23-37; 18.9-18; 1 Kings 1.5 15.30. B. Deut. 21.15-17; Gen. 25. 29-34 1 Kgs. 1.43-2.35. David denied what when he made Solomon his heir? 14. Read 21.1 6.9; 1 Sam. 3.33; Judges 11.29-40. What is the problem? Then, read Jer. 7.31. 15. Read 21.19 and then 1 Sam. 17.4-7. What is the problem here? 5.03 Questions to Prepare for Test 3 on Job and Amos. Questions 1-10: Job 1. A. Jeremiah 25.19-26 B. Gen. 10.23. C. Gen. 36.21 and Lamentations 4.21. What three locations associate with Uz? 2. Read Gen. 36.1, 4, 9-12With what place are the name, Eliphaz, 15-16 and Amos 1.11-2.and the city, Teman, associated? 3. A. 1 Kgs. 14.21 2 Chron. 12.13 B. Joshua 15.1 21. To what two sites is Naamah linked? (* Some students may need to consult atlases etc. to later help answer no.'s 1, 2 & 3.) 4. What common location do the answers to question one, two, and three share? 5. Why do some analysts say that chap. 28 not original (See topics before after.) 6. A. Compare 2.11 with 32.1-4 & 42.9-10. B. 6.1, 9.1, 12.1, 16.1, 19.1, 21.1, 23.1, 26.1 & 42.1 with 38.1; and C. 31.35-37 with 38.1; From these three factoids (fact-bits), what might some analysts conclude about 32-37? (Elihu's part.) 7. Why do some analysts say that 39.13-8 is not original? (Match sentence types before and after.) 8. Why do some say that Job's original ending is 42.6 rather than 42.17? 9. Why do some say that Job's original ending is 42.9 rather than 42.6 or 42.17? 10. Why do others think that the original text was only 1.1-2.10 and 42.10b-7? Questions 11-15: Amos (Test 3 Questions Continued) 11. Read 1.1 and 2 Chron. 20.20 to: who is Amos' king and of what nation was he a subject? (I mean nationality, not ethnos or religion. Obviously, Amos is a Jew of Hebraic descent.) 12. Read 4.1 6.1. Who were the Samaritans of Amos' time? (Geography, not character.) 13. Read 3.14, 5.4-5 7.10--where and what was Beth(u)el? 14. What was Amaziah's basic message to Amos in 7.12? 15. If verses 7.10-7 ARE NOT AN INTERUPTION of visionary nar- rative, how much of Amos--starting with verse 14--is a reply to Amaziah? 5.04 Questions to Prepare for Test 4 on Daniel and Tobit. Questions 1- 5: Daniel. Four practices are identified in the first four sets of readings. 1. Read 2 Kgs. 4.10, Tobit 3.10 and/or 17 (not in all ver- sions), Judith 8.5 Acts 1.13. 2. Read 1 Kgs. 8.44-5 48-49; Tobit (not obvious in all versions.) 3. Read 1 Kgs. 8.54; 2 Chron. 6.13; Ezra 9.5; Acts 20.36. 4. Read Psalm 55.17-8. For questions 1-4, read verses 6.10-11 which list all four of the 3.11 practices that are cited on the left as being practices of Daniel. 5. Daniel is the one book of the Jewish Canon/Tanakh/Old Testa- ment that lists the personal names for what two angels? Questions 6-15: Tobit. (Test 4 Questions Continued) 6. Why did pious Tobit live outside Israel? 7. What other Israelites may have caused Tobit's emigration? The answers to Questions 6-8 are all found in chapter one. 8. Beyond observing Kosher and Holydays what pious practice kept Tobit in trouble? 9. Read 2.14-3.6 What book in the Hebrew Scriptures does this echo? 10. What demon is named in Tobit? 11. From the third chapter on, what angel is scriptural for Roman/ Orthodox/Oriental and Old Catholics but is scriptural for Pro- testants or for Jews? 12.* Read 4.3b-19. Skim Shakespeare's Hamlet. Who gives a speech like Tobit's? 13. First, read chapter 5 (6 in some editions) and then chapter 11 (all). What was the third Tobias' party member to and from Nine- veh besides Tobias and Raphael? 14.* Tobit, not scriptural for Protestants or Jews, upholds a practice in 12.12 15, rejected by Reformation Protestants. What was it? (Non-Christians Christians weak in Church history may consult knowledgeable acquaintances or references.) 15. In verse 13.2, what present Orthodox Jewish and Christian belief, not explicit in the Torah/Pentateuch, was already extant by this period? The Seven Archangels, Spirits of the Presence\Before the Throne of God from Ethiopian Enoch. This book is uncanonical outside Ethiopian Coptic Christianity (All seven Archangels are listed in Enoch's chapter 20 which vv. are bracketed by carets below.) Canonicity of other works in which archangels are cited. The Jewish Hebrew/Aramaic scripture, Daniel, is canonical for Jews and Christians. The Jewish Greek scripture, Tobit, is canonical for Roman Catholics and for Eastern Orthodox Christians The Jewish Greek scripture 2/4 Esdras (only surviving texts in Latin), is canonical for some, not all, Eastern Orthodox Christians. The Christian Greek scriptures, Luke, is canonical for all Christians. The Christian Greek scriptures, Jude & Revelations, are canonical for all Christians except for those in the Syrian Orthodox Church. List of Names and Particulars of each of the seven Archangels 1. Gabriel: "Strong Man of God." Cited in Ethiopian Enoch in the following vv: 9.1, 10.9, >20.7<, 50.9, 54.6, and 71.8,9 & 13. Cited in Daniel 8.16, & 9.21 as well as in Luke 1.19 & 1.26. Greek & Hebrew tranliterations: Gabri!e:l & gabhri-"eel Greek & Hebrew transcriptions: Γαβριήλ & גַבְרִאֵל 2. Jeremiel / Remiel: "God loosens (the womb)" Cited in Ethiopian Enoch in v. >20.8< and in 2nd/4th Esdras 4.36. Greek & Hebrew transliterations: Iereme!e:l & j:reeh-m:"eel Greek & Hebrew transcriptions: Ιερεμεήλ & יְרֵחְמְאֵיל 3. Michael: "Who is like God?" Cited in Ethiopian Enoch vv. 9.1, 10.10, >20.5<, 24.6, 50.9, 54.6, 60.4 & 5, 69. 14 & 15, and 79.3, 8, 9 & 13. Cited in Daniel 10.13 & 21 and 12.1 as well as in Jude 9 and Rev. 12.7. Greek & Hebrew transliterations: M(e)ikha!e:l & mi-khaa"eel Greek & Hebrew transcriptions: Μ(ε)ιχαήλ & מִּיכָאֵיל 4. Raguel / Reuel: "Companion of God." Cited in Ethiopian Enoch in vv. >20.4< and 23.4. Greek & Hebrew transliterations: Ragou!e:l & r:u-"eel Greek & Hebrew transcriptions: Ραγουήλ & רְעוּאֵל 5. Raphael: "Healing of God." Cited in Ethiopian Enoch in vv. 9.1, 10.4, >20.3<, 22.3 & 6, 50.9, 54.6, and 71. 8, 9 & 13. Cited in Tobit 3.17, 7.8, 8.2, 9.1, 11,7 & 12.15. Greek & Hebrew transliterations: Rapha!e:l & r:phaa"eel Greek & Hebrew transcriptions: Ραφαήλ & רְףָאֵיל 6. Sariel / Saraqael: "Command / Light of God." Cited in Ethiopian Enoch in v. >20.5<. (Great variation in Greek equivalents make it impossible for me to choose one form as representative.) The Hebrew transliteration: z:haari-"eel The Hebrew transcription: זְהָרִיאֵיל 7. Suriel / Uriel "Flame of / My light is God" Cited in Ethiopian Enoch vv. 9.1, 10.1, 19.1, >20.2<, 33.3, 72.1, 74.2, 75.3 & 4, 78.10 and 80.1. Cited also in 2nd/4th Esdras in vv 4.1 & 5.20. Greek & Hebrew transliterations: Ouri!e:l & "u-ri-"eel Greek & Hebrew transcriptions: Ουριήλ & אוּרִיאֵל Seven Angels of the Presence are cited in Tobit v. 12.15 and in Rev. 1.4 and 4.5. Many of the angel names listed here have alternate spellings in various source texts as well as alternate names in texts with comparable contexts and content. I have chosen repre- sentative forms recognizable by a variety of authorities and traditions. Prepared for Biblical & Classical Literature, ENG 130, and for Literature of the Bible, ENG 330 by Melvin J. Hoffman Last Update 12/20/2006 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5.05 Questions to Prepare for Test 5 on Sirach, 2nd. Maccabees & Luke. Questions 1- 5: Sirach/Ecclesiasticus 1. Compare 1.4-10 to Prov. 8.22-31 and 1.11-20 to Prov. 8.11-21. How does the Sirach section differ from and agree with the Proverbs section? 2. What is the simplest way to state Wisdom's emigration in 24.3-12? 3. How would American social service agencies view the advice in 30.1-13 and Proverbs 13.24 23.13-4? 4. Beyond the Exodus referent in earlier verses, what book--read before--is alluded to in 24.25-8? 5. Verses 36.1-17 51.1-12 resemble hymns in what Biblical book? Questions 6-10: 2nd Macabees (Test 5 Questions Continued) 6. Read chapter 1. Is the Holyday Sukkoth or Hanukkah? The Holyday noted conflicts with date description given. Compare 1 Macc. 4.32-59 John 10.22 with 1 Kgs. 8.2, Nehemiah 8.13-18 1 Macc. 10.21. (Gentiles may consult references or Jewish peers.) 7. A. 6.1-2. B. Dan. 9.27, 11.31 12.11; 1 Macc. 1.54 Mark 13.14 C. 2 Chron. 32.20; Ezra 1.2, 6.9-10, 7.12 21-3; Nehemiah 1.5 2.20; Dan. 2.18, 19, 37, 44; Jonah 1.9; Judith 5.8; either Susan- na 35 (NRSV, REB, RSV) or Dan. 13.35 (JB or NAB); 1 Macc 3.18 (In JB, use non-italic numbers); and mark 8.11. Be sure to com- pare Mat. 3.2 and 4.17 with Mark 1.15). Verses under A set the stage; B. gives the Jewish Christian reaction "name," but what substitution for the word "God" used by Jews of that time, in the C verses, made Hellenistic rulers think that Jews would accept Zeus Olympia as an equivalent to God? b oo sh e th sh : m aa m a- b a ' a l sh aa m a j i m= * * * * * * Abomination of Desolation Master of (the) Heavens בַּעַל שְׁמָיִם בֹּשֶת שְׁמָמָה shiqqu-z= שִׁקּוּץ, a synonym for boosheth, בֹּשֶת occurs in Daniel 9.27, 11.31 and 12.11 8. Those with early editions of the NAB or JB may need to see later editions or an NJB, NRSV, REB or RSV. Early editions for the former two used the same names for one of sons and one of the grandsons of Saul whose names differed slightly in two places in the Hebrew text. If the names in 2 Sam. do not slightly differ from the names in 1 Chron., use another version. (I am not talking about Ishbaal/Eshbaal as the difference intended.) Although 1 Chron. postdates 2 Sam., it uses the original names. Compare 2 Sam. 2. 8-10 with 1 Chron. 8.33 9.39 and then read and 2 Sam. 9.11-19 with 1 Chron. 8.34 9.40 Hosea 2.16-9. What euphemism replaced "Baal" after pagan Canaanite religious asso- ciations tainted the original meanings of "husband, master, ruler, lord" etc? Versions differ: Abominable and Destructive Presence (NAB), Abominable thing that causes Desolation (REB), Abomination of Desolation (JB & REB), Abomination that Desolates (NRSV), Abomination(s) who/that make(s) Desolate (NRSV & RSV), Desolating Sacrilege (NRSV & RSV), Disastrous Abomination (NAB), Perpetuator of Desolation (REB). In JB, read note on 1 Macc. 1.54; in NAB, read note on same verse. Those with other versions will need to borrow a JB or NAB unless their editions have notes on the vv. From my transcription and translation--after reading one or both notes --answer: what were the Biblical authors doing by using this title? 10. Read 12.39-45. What are the two Roman Catholic doctrines based on this book which is scriptural for Catholics but not Protes- tants or Jews. (Non-Christians and Christians weak in church history may consult knowledgeable Roman Catholic peers or re- ferences.) Questions 11-15: Luke 11. Compare 7.11-7 with 1 Kgs. 17.17-24. What is common between them? 12. Compare 9.12-7 with 2 Kgs. 4.42-44. What is common between them? For questions 13 14, compare entries on the lists below twice: 13. Each of the 4 sets of 7 lines has a set of vv. for how many individuals? 14. What do each of the four rows have in common? 15. Read 19.30-6, Mark 11.1-17, and then Matt. 21.1-7 (very carefully). Also read Gen. 49.11 Zech. 9.9. How is the Matthew account different and why? ========================================================================================== A ISHMAEL Genesis 16.1 & 3b-4A, 7A & 13. ISAAC Genesis 11.27B, 29B & 30; 15. 1A, 17.1A & 18.1a. & 2B. SAMSON Judges 13.2, 3A, 4 & 22B. SAMUEL 1 Samuel 1.1A & 2A & c., 10, 13a. & 19. JOHN Luke 1.5b, 7 11A & 12. JESUS Luke 1.26A, 27 & 29A. JESUS Matthew 1.20 B ISHMAEL Genesis 16.8 & 11. ISAAC Genesis 15.1 & 4A & 17.5, 15-19; & 18.10 & 12-15. SAMSON Judges 13.3, 5 & 23B. SAMUEL 1 Samuel 1.11 & 20C. JOHN Luke 1.13. JESUS Luke 1.28 & 30-31. JESUS Matthew 1.20 & 1.21 C ISHMAEL Genesis 16.9, 15; & 17.20A ISAAC Genesis 17.17B, 19C & 21; 18.12b & 14; & 21.2A & 3. SAMSON Judges 13.4A, 5-8, 17B, 20A & 24. SAMUEL 1 Samuel 1.11c, 20A & 2.35. JOHN Luke 1.15-18, 36-7, 57, 60B & 63B. JESUS Luke 1.20, 32-34B & 64; & 2.7 & 21. JESUS Matthew 1.21 & 25. D ISHMAEL Genesis 16.12; 17.9-13 & 23-27; & 21.20A ISAAC Genesis 21.8 & 22.2 & 13B SAMSON Judges 13.19A, 24C & 25C. SAMUEL 1 Samuel 1.24-25; 2.1A-10, 21B & 26; & 3.19. JOHN Luke 1.9b, 68-80A. JESUS Luke 1.46-55 & 80B; 2.24, 29-32, 34b-35, 40 & 52. JESUS Matthew No Entry 5.06 Questions to Prepare for Test 6 on John, Acts and Galatians Question 1-5: John. 1. A. Ps. 33.6 9, Ps. 119.89-90. (cf. Gen. 1.3, 6, 9, 11, 14, 20, 24 26.) B. Prov. 8.1 22-31, Wis.7.23-7 Sir. 1.4-10. C. Col. 1.13-7, Heb. 1.2-4 1 John 1.1-3. Verses 1.1-5 A, B C reflect linked ideas from pre-exilic Judaism, through Jewish Wisdom traditions, through Christian characterization of Jesus of Nazareth. What keywords identify the respective sets? (Exclude "beginning, creation" or "hea- vens" for A, and "deliverance, God, Jesus, mediator, light, power," or "redemption" for C.) 2. A. 4.9; 5.1; 11.33-36 45; 18.33-35 39; 19.3, 14 19-21. B. 1.19'; 2.18; 5.10 15-8; 6.41 52; 7.1, 11-5 35; 8.48, 52 57; 9.18 22; 10-19-20, 24, 31 33; 11.8; 18.38; 19.7, 12, 14, 31 38. Christian Scripture vv. on Jews in the Gospels, Acts, various Epistles --AS SOME PEOPLE HAVE INTERPRETED THEM--led to gentile animus against Jews in Europe--marked in the Middle Ages, residue later exploited by Nazi Germany. If you have NRSV, REB, RSV consult those with JB for note on 1.19 or with NAB for note c. on 1.19 (or with those using TEV for com- parison, as TEV adds words-not in the original Greek--to distin- guish the A B sets.) What is the difference between "Jew" used in A and in B? 3. Ignoring the above contrast to focus on the word "Jew" only, why do some people doubt that John the Evangelist/Johannen bar Zebedee was the Gospel's author? 4. A. 2 Kgs. 2.11 Mal. 3.1-3 3.23-4/4.5-6* B. 1.21 25. C. Matt 11.13-15 17.10-3, Mk 6.14-5 9.11-13 Luke 1.13-17 7.24 27. What troubles some analysts after comparing vv. in B with vv. in C? *(Chapters verses differ between editions depending on text numbering traditions.) 5. A. 20.17. B. Luke 24.51 Acts 1.1-2, 4 & 9. C. Mark 16.7 & 15-19 Matt. 28.16-20. How many ascensions were there? (Note Locations carefully.) Questions 6-10: Acts. (Test 6 Questions Continued) 6. How do 1.16-19 and Matt. 27.3-8 differ regarding Judas death? 7. How do the views in 2.42-45 4.32-35 differ from 2 Cor. 8.10-15 2 Thess 3.6-12? 8. In 5.34-39, how does Gamiliel view the "Jesus" movement? 9. How do "Jewish Christian" witnesses (See 23.4-5 and John 11.49-52), look at the office of High Priest even during the "New Covenant" Period? 10. A. John 1.33 4.2; 1 Cor 12.13 Gal. 3.27. B. 2.38, 8.16, 10.48, 19.5. C. Matt. 28.19. (See 2 Cor. 13.13/14 and 1 Cor. 12-4.6. C.) How do the formulas differ between sets B C? Don't read anything--not in the text--into the B set.) Questions 11-15: Galatians (Test 6 Questions Continued) 11. How do 1.15-18 and Acts 22.10-8 26.19-20 differ? 12. What do 2.1-10 Acts 15.1-29 have in common? 13. A. 3.22-26, Rom. 3. 28 4.21-22. B. 6.7-10 James 2.14-26. Which respective sets do Reform Protestants Roman Catholics highlight? (Non-Christians Christians weak in Church History may need reference aids or help from informed peers. Take care! both Protestants Catholics have GUESSED BACKWARDS.) 14. Read 4.3 8-9.How does Paul describe Pagan Gods? (See Eph. 2.1-2 6.12.) 15. Read 4.22-7. How does Paul deal with the Genesis passage discussed? 5.07 Questions to Prepare for Test 7 on Iliad [Books 1- 9a] Questions 1- 6: Iliad [Book One] 1. Read 2 Sam 22.1-16 Ps. 18.6-15. Which Iliad deity is comparable? (Exclude Zeus.) 2. How do the Danáäns and Akhaians differ? 3. What goddess, fond of both "hotheads," sent what god- dess to stop their fight? 4. The Atreidi Argive corps commanders differ how? 5.1 Sam. 2.12-17 shows offerings improper in Mycenea ( later era) Asia Minor. What deity received correct sacrifices in this book? 6. Who were Akhilleus' Mom & Dad? Questions 7-10: Iliad [Books 2- 5] (Test 7 Questions Continued.) 7. What work does Agamemnon do at home when he is neither ruling nor leading troops? 8. What is another name for Aléxandros? 9.Who is Tydeus' son? 10. What is unusual about Diomedes' fighting before his wounding? (Remember how Greek captains normally go into battle.) Questions 11-15: Iliad [Books 6-9a] (Test 7 Questions Continued.) 11.* Where, not who, is Ilion? 12. What SPEECH which we have read in HEBREW scriptures resemble the first few lines of Hippókhos'son's reply? (Exclude Psalms, Samuels Daniel.) 13. Who won the lottery? 14.* What did Hektor's chariot Santa's sleigh (in Clement Moore's Night Before Xmas) share? Note: when Hektor's chariot "flew" that meant fast-moving not airborne.) 15. Who is Mykênê's king? (See Book 4's address to Diomedes) 5.08 Questions to Prepare for Test 8 on Iliad [Books 9b-18] Questions 1- 5: [Books 9b - 12] 1. What kind of work does Prince Diomedes do when he is not ruling or fighting? 2. Who lost his life weasel cap? 3. What is the flower of Troy? 4. Menoitos' son's best friend is who? 5. Who first breached the Greek barrier? Questions 6-10: [Books 13 - 16] (Test 8 Questions Continued.) 6. The Cretan's took whose side? 7. How could Greek kings' rich subjects draft dodge? 8. How did Hera defeat the strongest god--for a short time anyway? 9. Besides differing with Zeus on the Trojans, why else did Poseidon resent Zeus? 10. Who are the immediate, not ultimate, contributors to Patroklus' death? (Immediate: present and directly responsible; ultimate: absent and indirectly responsible.) Questions 11-15: [Books 17 18] (Test 8 Questions Continued.) 11. Hektor intendswhat for Patroklus' body? 12. How does Zeus shield Patroklus' body? 13. The Greeks do what in book 17's conflict? 14. In Book 18, which how many goddesses DIRECTLY address Achilles? 15. How did the two city scenes on Achilles' shield relate, and how do they relate to the central problem of the Iliad? 5.09 Questions to Prepare for Test 9 on Iliad [Books 19-18] on Agamemnon. Questions 1- 5: [Books 19-21] 1. Who stops a new spat between Agamenon and Achilles? 2. A Trojan hero, not Hektor, is saved twice from death by being removed from battle by two different immortals--not Zeus, Athena or Hera in either case. Who are the hero and the god? 3. What ban of Zeus is lifted in Book 20? 4. Who wins the one battle of sexes in Book 21? 5. What weapons do Artemis Apollo have in common? Questions 6-10: [Books 22-24] (Test 9 Questions Continued) 6. Who are the two immediate, not ultimate, contributors to Hektor's death? 7. What are the 12 sacrifices that Achilles wants at the funeral? 8. Beyond shaving hair, wrapping in fat, animal sacrifice and public cremation,what VIP funeral rites may seem odd today? 9. Besides Apollo, Achilles angers what god, not goddess, the most by stopping Hektor's funeral? 10. What was Prince Hektor's work besides ruling and fighting? Questions 11-15: [Agamemnon] (Test 9 Questions Continued) 11. Before telegraph/phone, how did news of Greek victory find Argos from Ilios in one day? (See Judith 7.5) 12. How did the message come officially days later? 13. What is Menelaus' & Helen's post-war fate? 14. What custom which Klytemnestra used to welcome Agamemnon is still used to greet VIP's? 15. What are Klytemnestra's and Aegisthus' grudges? 5.10 Questions to Prepare for Test 10 on Libation Bearers, Eumenides; and Oedipus Cycle Question 1: [Libation Bearers] Questions 2-5: [Eumenides] 1. What is the major question in all the trilogy found in this middle play? Imagine a modern court: 2. Who is Orestes' Attorney? 3. Who are his prosecutors? 4. Who is his judge? 5. Who form his jury? Questions 6 7: [Oedipus Rex] 8-10: [Oedipus at Colonus] (Test 10 Questions Continued) 6. What significance has Iocaste's resistance to Oedipus' questioning the shepherd? 7. What significance has the shepherd's resistance to the messenger's claims? 8. How were the goddesses named in the previous trilogy whose temple precincts Oedipus now trods? 9. In scene two, using Oedipus' long speech to Ismene, how does Oedipus relate to Thebe's ruler? (Note: Creon is not king during the conversation though listed as such in some editons' cast of characters.) 10. From Oedipus' response to Polyneices and Polyneices'reply, what can the audience predict? Questions 11-15: [Antigone] (Test 10 Questions Cont.) 11. From the sisters' discourse in the prologue, how did Creon become Thebe's king? 12. Antigone's zeal for proper burial to obey "laws of the gods" compares with what APOCRYPHAL hero read earlier? 13. In scene one, Creon uses elements which imply what government metaphor still current? ("Money talks/is the root of all evil" is not the answer.) 14. From Creon's two talks with the sentry, what--not who-- does he think that the perpetrator is? 15. What two family members does Creon's stubborn inflexibility cause to die and why? ========================================================================================== The Lines immediately following form figures designed for the sighted; after a line of asterisks, a version designed for the blind and the visually impaired follows. FIGURE III. ( Hippodamia ) = [ Pelops of Argos ] [ Tydarus of Sparta ] = ( Leda ) = [ Zeus ] / / | ORESTRIA / / | GENEALOGIES ---------------- --------------------- ---------- / \ | | | | [ Thyrestes ] = ( Aërope ) = [ Atreus ] | *[ Castor ] *[ Polydeuces ] | \\ | \ | | |\\ | \ | *Fraternal Twins; | | \\ ------------- \ | Half Brother's; | | \\ | | \ | Polydeuces in | | ( Pelopia ) [ Banquet \ | Latin is Pollux | | Entrees ] \ | | | | ) | | -------------------------------------------- | | | ( | | | | | | | [ Aegisthus ] [ Agamemnon ] = ( Clytemnestra ) [ Menelaus ] = ( Helen ) | {Cf. Jdg. 11.29-40 ----------------------------------------------- to Iphigenia's | | | | sacrifice.} ( Iphigenia ) ( Electra ) ( Chrysosthemis ) [ Orestes ] FIGURE IV. [Menoikeus] = (?) | OEDIPUS CYCLE -------------------------------------- GENEALOGY | | [ Laius ] = ( Jocasta ) [ Creon ] = ( Eurydice ) | // | | //| | [ Oedipus ] | | | | -------------------------------------- -------------------- | | | | | | [ Polyneices ] [ Etocles ] ( Ismene ) ( Antigone ) [ Haimon ] [ Megareus ] {Cf. 2 Sam. {Revised September 2009) 21.10-14} ********************************************************************************************** The first genealogy concerns Aeschylus' Orestia triolgy. Pelops King of Argos married Hippodamia and they had two sons, Atreus who was to succeed his father, and a brother named Thyrestes. Atreus married Aérops and they had two sons, Agamemnon who succeeded his father as king of Argos and Menelaus who was to become king of Sparta. Aérope cheated on Atreus and conceived some sons and a daughter, Pelopia. Atreus in revenge had Thyrestes children cooked and served to him. After Thyrestes found out, he cursed the line of Atreus, and he heard a prophesy that, if he had a child by his own daughter Pelopia, a son from that union would avenge Thyrestes against the house of Atreus. This union produced a son, Aegisthus, who would fulfill the prophecy by killing Agamemnon who was his first cousin, or first cousin once removed. Meanwhile Tyndarus, king of Sparta, married Leda, and they had a daughter Clytemnestra and a son named Castor. Both, naturally, were mortal. Leda was seduced by Zeus, and they had two immortal children, a daugher, Helen,and a son, Polydeuces. Castor and Polydeuces, although sired by different fathers, were born together as fraternal, halfbrother twins. Castor died, so he did not succeed Tyndareus; rather, the throne of Sparta went to Menelaus, husband of Tyndareus' stepdaughter, Helen. Agamemnon married Helen's half sister, the mortal Clytemnestra. This union produced three daughters--Iphigeneia, Electra and Chrysosthemis, and a son, Orestes. The second genealogy concerns Sophocles' Oedipus Trilogy. Laius was king of Thebes by direct descent. That is Laius was a great-grandson of Cadmus, the founder of Thebes. Menoikeus, also a great-grandson of Cadmus throught a maternal line, married and had two children, a boy named Creon and a girl name Jocasta. Creon married Eurdice, and they had two sons, Haimon and Megareus. Megareus was to die in battle and Haimon became the financé of his cousin Antigone. Laius married his second cousin once removed, Jocasta, and they had a son named Oedipus. Fulfilling a tragic prophecy, following Oedipus' inadvertent killing of his father Laius, he unwittingly married his own mother Jocasta, and they had two sons and two daughters. The sons were Polyneices and Eteocles, who were to die in a civil war between them. The daughters were Ismene and Antigone. Antigone, betrothed to Haimon, was executed by her uncle and king, Creon for violating an order not to provide funeral rites for her dead brothers. This ends the figures. After a row of asterisks follows text for all readers. ********************************************************************************************** Figure V. GREEK CULTURE FROM MINOAN AGE TO FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE (Most Sources from which this Figure is Drawn Are from _World Book Encyclopedia_ 1988.) 3000 The Minoan Culture on Crete Dominates Aegean Sea. 2025 Hellenic Settlers Form Farming Villages in Greece. 1950 1875 1800 1725 1650 Settlers Build Fortified Towns around Palaces in the Major Valleys of Akahaia. 1575 1500 1425 Mycenean Greeks (Akahaians) Take over Area, Adopting much Mi- noan Culture (As Minoan B Writing) and Likely Defeat Troy. 1350 1275 1200 Peloponnesus' Poli like Mycenae Fall for Unknown Reasons; Dorians Go South from North Greece; Many Myceneans go to 1125 Asia Minor; Writing Lost; 1050 The Greek Dark Age: Past Glories Preserved in Songs & Oral Poetry. 975 900 825 Greeks Adapt Phoenician Writing;(Homer?)Writes Iliad and Odyssey. 750 675 Athens and others Form Democracies ca 500. 600 Greek city States Form; Oligarchies Tyrants Oust Kings. 525 Athens and others Form Democracies ca 500. 450 Persian War Unites Greek Cities, Victory: 479. Sparta defeats Athens: 430; Thebes defeats Sparta: 371; 375 Philip of Macedon Conquers Greece: 338 after Peloponnesian 300 War Saps Greece. Alexander Dies: 479. Hellenistic Age Lasts from 353-146 as Alexander's Sucessors Rule 225 150 Graeco-Roman Age: Rome Takes Greece in 146 and Much Greek Culture is Borrowed. Rome Also Takes Most Territory of 75 Alexander's Sucessors i.e. Egypt, Much of Former Persian Empire, Most of Greek-speaking (at least among Urban Elites) 0 Eastern Mediterranean. 75 150 225 300 Constantine Legalizes Christianity: 313. State Religion: 392. 375 In 395, West (Latin) East(Greek/Byzantine) Roman Empires Split. 450 525 Rome Falls in 476. In the East, Justinian Crowned: 527. Mohammed Born: 570. 600 675 Gregory the Great Crowned: 690. In the East, Muslims Take Syria & Jerusalem: 634. 750 825 Charlemagne Crowned: 800. In the East Iconoclastic Contro- versy, begun in 726, Ends in 843. 900 975 1050 A Great Schism Divides East and West Christianity: 1054. 1125 Crusades Begin Just Before 1100's; they End in the Late 1200's, Bringing Information about the Near East into the 1200 West; Thomas Aquinas: Summa 1275 1350 1425 The Byzantine Empire Falls to the Turks: 1453. 1500 Columbus Sails: 1492 Reformation: 1517. 1575 ---------------------------------------- September 1996; Revised May 1997. ========================================================================================== FIGURE VI.: GREEK CLASSICS, MAJOR FIGURES E--Epic Poet, L--Lyric Poet, F--Fable Writer, T--Tragic Playwright, H--Historian, P--Philosopher, Comedic Playwright, O--Orator 1000 (8th. or 9th. Century) HOMER--E 985 970 955 940 925 910 (7th. or 8th. Century)Hesiod--E 895 880 865 850 835 820 805 790 775 760 745 730 715 700 685 670 655 640 625 (600's) Saphho--L (600's) Archilochus--L 610 (600's) Alcaeus--L (600's) Thales--H 595 (620?-560?) Aesop--F 580 565 (556?-468 ) Simonides--L (540's) Theognis--L 550 (550's) Anacreon--L (524?-456) AESCHYLUS--T 535 (530's) Thespis--T 520 505 (518?-438?) Pindar--L (500's) Hecataeus--H 490 (496 -406) SOPHOCLES--T 475 (485 -406 ) Euripides--T 460 445 (450?-385?) Aristophenes--C (469?-399) Socrates--P 430 (458 -380 ) Lysias--O (450?-428) Herodotus--H 415 (428 -347 ) Plato--P (430 -354) Xenophon--H 400 (430?-399) Thucydides--H 385 (384 -322 ) Aristotle--P 370 (384 -322 ) Demosthenes--O 355 340 325 (343?-291?) Menander--C 310 295 September 1996; Revised May 1997. ========================================================================================== FIGURE VII: LATIN CLASSICS, MAJOR FIGURES An--Anthologist of Proverbs, Bi--Biographer, CF--Church Father, CP--Comic Poet, En--Encyclopedist, Ep--Epistoler, EP--Epic Poet, Es--Essayist, Hi-Historian, No-Novelist, Ph--Philosopher, Po--Poet, SP--Satiric Poet, TP--Tragic Poet, TR--Translator. Figures are loosely grouped into five periods: With dates, A stands for ACE or AD; B stands for BCE or BC. Period I. (212 years) is from 256 B to 45 B. (254?-184 ) Plautus--CP; (239-169) Ennius--Hi; (195?-159 ) Terrence--CP, Hi, Es; (106- 43) Cicero--Or, Es; (100 - 44 ) Julius Caeser--Hi; ( 96- 55) Lucretius--Ph; (87? -54? ) Catullus--Po Period II. (106 years) is from 44 A to 61 A. (70 -19 B) VIRGIL--EP, Po, Es; (65 - 8 B) Horace--Po, Es & Ep; (59? -17 A) Livy--Hi; (54?-18 B) Tibulius--Po; (50? -15 B) Propertius--Po; (43 -18 A) OVID--Po & Es; (4 B?-65 ) Seneca--Es & TP; (23 -79 ) Pliny [Elder]--En; (39 - 65) Lucan--Hi & Po; (37?-100 ) Josephus--Hi & Po. Period III. (53 years) is from 62 A to 114 A. (40? -104 ) Martial--Po; (100's A) Longinus--Es; (45 - 96 ) Statius--Po & Ep; (45?-120?) Plutarch--Bi & An; (55? -117?) Tacitus--Bi; (55?-135 ) Epictetus--Ph; (62? -112 ) Pliny [Younger]--Or & Ep; (69? -140?) Suetonius--Bi Period IV. (106 years) is from 115A to 220A; (60? -140?) Juvenal--SP; (125?-171?) Apuleius--No; (121 -180 ) Marcus Aurelius--Ph. Period V. (212 years) is from 221 A to 432 A. (347?-419 ) St. Jerome--Tr & CF; (354 -430 ) St. Augustine--CF Time depth is Geometric: second and fourth periods are twice as long as the third; first and fifth periods are four times as long as the third. September 1996; Revised: May 1997, January 1998,.and August 1998. ========================================================================================== 5.11 Questions to Prepare for Test 11 on Aeneid [Books 1- 6] Questions 1- 5: [Books 1- 2] 1. In Book one, who is Maia's son? 2. In Book 1, whom--besides Aeneas or his armor bearer-does Venus send to Dido? 3. In Book two, give the significance of what happened to Iulus, while Creusa, Aeneas and Anchises prepared to leave? (See Acts 2.2-3 Matt. 2.2-3 7.11.) 4. How does Minerva seal Troy's fate at Neptune's Altar? 5. The Aeneid overtly names the Greek empire dominant among the Achaians massed at Troy? This empire named a whole era of Eastern Mediterranean History. (Hint: As city or region, it is often inter-changeable with Argos; its second major city was Sparta; you have had the name in a question before.) Questions 6-10: [Books 3- 4] (Test 11 Questions Continued) 6. (Cf. Genesis 31.19 and 30-35)Rachel took Laban's; Aeneas' talked to Aeneas in his dreams. How does the Aeneid name them? 7. What two narrative purposes does Archaemenides' story in book three serve? (Hint: one is for the characters and action in the story; the other is for the benefit of the readers.) 8.* In Book four, the name Anna--which occurs in all European Languages--is not European in ORIGIN. How does a character who is Carthaginian in this Latin epic come by this name? 9. What god sends what other god to give Aeneas sailing orders? 10. Who delivers Dido's "coup de grace" or "mercy blow?" (I am after the IMMEDIATE, not ultimate agent here, so Aeneas and Jupiter are not the answers.) Questions 11-15: [Books 5- 6] (Test 11 Questions Continued) 11. In Book five, what celebration, similar to that in the Iliad, is described here? 12. In Book five, dead Anchises appeared to his son. Where is Anchises now? 13. In Book six, what is Aeneas' ticket on Charon's ferry? 14. What led Aeneas to this ticket? (Hint: his mother sent these guides. 15. Anchises describes a process for thesoul termed what? 5.12 Questions to Prepare for Test 12 on Aeneid [Books 7-12] Questions 1-5: [Books 7-8] 1. In Book 7, what sign marks Lavinia's divine favor? 2. In Book 7, why does Aeneas bind his temples? (Note: it is not primarily for festivity.) 3. In Book 8, besides Jupiter/Jove or Saturn, what ancestor do Ae- neas & Evander share? (Electra, Mercury & Minerva are not shared.) 4. In Book 8, Evander's memorial games are for whom? 5. Whose shield that we read earlier in the Iliad resemble Vulcan's shield for Aeneas? Questions 6-10: [Books 9-10] (Test 12 Questions Continued) 6. In Book 9, what kept the Trojans from leaving Latium? 7. In Book 9, who saved Turnus? (Excluding Tiber) 8. In Book 10, Aeneas' dear friend Pallas' death resembles whose in the Iliad? 9. What are Aeneas' four unusual sacrifices at Pallas' funeral? 10. Who are responsible for Turnus' reprieve why? 11. What is the modern version of the olive boughs worn In book 11, by Latin spokesmen/envoys nearing the Trojan enemy? Questions 11-15: [Books 11-15] (Test 12 Questions Continued) 12. Who is Joan of Arc's fictional precurser? 13. In book 12's opening, what parallel between this section and a section of the Iliad? Warning:in the Iliad, this event occurred earlier than in the Aeneid.) 14. What two goddesses intervened in Aeneas'and Turnus' behalf and what relatives are they to the combatants? 15. What stopped Aeneas from showing mercy to Turnus? 5.13 Questions to Prepare for Test 13 on Metamorphoses. Questions 1- 5: [Books 1- 4] 1. What Biblical book does Book one's begining resemble? 2. Who is Noah's counterpart? (cf. Matt 3.9 Luke 3.8) 3.* In the Arcas' story, two constellations are mentioned. Using references, if necessary,answer: what are their common English, not Latin, names? 4. What ends this account of Actaeon's fate? "Dear Actaeon's gone to the ... ." 5.* What Shakespearean tragedy does the story of Pyramis and Thisbe resemble? Exclude its inclusion as a play within a play in Midsummer Nights Dream.) Questions 6-10: [Books 5- 8](Test 13 Questions Continued) 6. What relation besides wife was Proserpina to Pluto? 7. In the Tireus section in Book 6, who is the only victim in the family who is not also a perpetrator? 8. What two heros in Book 7 are linked by Medea? (Exclude Aegeus.) 9. What infidelity of Minos'wife in Book 8 causes what problem for Minos? 10. Who or what is eating Erysichton? Questions 11-15: [Books 9-12] (Test 13 Questions Continued) 11. What goddess effects what major alteration of nature? (Juno, Galanthus, Hebe, Iris the Rainbow, Iolas, Ceres or the Seasons are not the answer.) 12. In Book 10, Orpheus is portrayed as a loving husband perpetually mourning his lost wife, yet the end of his narrative describes what practice of Orpheus, controversial in Augustus' time as well as in our own? 13. Also in Book 10, what other aggravation to Augustus' moral views concerned what conduct on the part of a princess? 14. In Book 11,what were Midas' two big mistakes? 15. In Book 12's main narrative, what mythic creatures were the topic of a long digression? Questions 16-20: [Books 13-15] (Test 13 Questions Continued) 16. What odd addition to his funeral arrangementdid Achilles want? (Note: he did NOT request anything about his armor's distribution.) 17. What event in 2 Kings (in the Hebrew Scriptures) did Romulus es- corting Mars in Book 14 resemble? 18.* What great philosopher influenced Ovid and what do we call the diet which this sage advocated? 19.* In Book 15, what resembles Ecclesiastes 1.4-11 3.1-8, the answer to the riddle of the Sphinx, and Shakespeare's "Seven Ages of Man" in As You Like It. 20. What Genesis Patriarch had the same problem as Hippolytus with his stepmother? ========================================================================================== Figure VIII. FROM BIBLE VERSES, TO MONASTIC PRAYERS, TO MATINS-RINGING PENDULUM CLOCKS, TO SPRING- DRIVEN CLOCKS, TO CHRONOMETERS, TO PRE-RADIO INTERNATIONAL SEA AND AIR NAVAGATION. Benedictine Office MATINS General Time Night/Midnight Approximate Mean Times 12 - 3 AM Notes on Approximate Mean Times b, d Roman Hours Cockcrow, 3rd. Watch Biblical vv. Relevant to Prayer Time Ps. 119.62, Acts 16.25 (MATINS not long said at midnight but soon forwarded to join with LAUDS as one of 7 daily offices [See Ps. 119]) Benedictine Office LAUDS General Time Early Morning/Predawn Approximate Mean Times 3 - 6 AM Notes on Approximate Mean Times None Roman Hours Morning/4th Watch Biblical vv. Relevant to Prayer Time Ex. 14.24; 1 Sam 1.11; Mt 14.25; Mk. 1.35 & 6.47-8 Benedictine Office PRIME General Time Sunrise Approximate Mean Times 6 - 9 AM Notes on Approximate Mean Times a, c, e Roman Hours First Hour Biblical vv. Relevant to Prayer Time Isa 59.18 (Not always clear when translated: "East.") Benedictine Office TERCE General Time Midmorning Approximate Mean Times 9 AM - 12 PM Notes on Approximate Mean Times e Roman Hours Third Hour Biblical vv. Relevant to Prayer Time Mk.15.25*, Acts 2.15 Benedictine Office SEXT General Time Noon Approximate Mean Times 12 - 3 PM Notes on Approximate Mean Times a, e Roman Hours Sixth Hour Biblical vv. Relevant to Prayer Time Mt. 27.45*; Mk. 15.33*; Lk. 23.44; Jn, 19.14*; Acts 10.9 Benedictine Office NONE General Time Afternoon Approximate Mean Times 3 - 6 PM Notes on Approximate Mean Times e Roman Hours Ninth Hour Biblical vv. Relevant to Prayer Time Acts 3.1, 10.2-3 & 10.30. Benedictine Office VESPERS General Time Sunset/Evening Approximate Mean Times 6 - 9 PM Notes on Approximate Mean Times a, b, c, e Roman Hours Evening/1st Watch Biblical vv. Relevant to Prayer Time Deu. 16.5; 1 kgs. 18.36; Ps. 141.2 Benedictine Office: COMPLINE General Time Early Night Approximate Mean Times 9 PM - 12 AM Notes on Approximate Mean Times b, d Roman Hours Midnight/Middle/2nd. Watch Biblical vv. Relevant to Prayer Time Jdg. 7.19 An asterisk on a verse marks a passion reference. Notes a: Deu. 29.38-42, ps. 55.17-18; b: Ps. 63.6-7; c: Ps. 114.3, Mk. 13.35; d: Lk. 12.36; e: Jn. 11.9 Appendix for ENG 130, Biblical & Classical Literature; and ENG 330, Literature of the Bible ========================================================================================== Sources: Daniel J. Boorstin, _The Discoverers_, (New York: Random House, 1983): 36-41. James Burke, _Connections_, (Boston: Little, Brown and Co, 1978): 128-35. David S. Landes, _Revolution in Time: Clocks and the Making of the Modern World_, (2nd. Ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2000): 53-62 and 438-440, nn. 18, 24 and 25. Melvin J. Hoffman ENG Dept. Prepared: 2/17/87/. Revised: 6/ 1/88, 2/ 8/94, 1/16/91, 1/12/94, 1/12/95, 5/21/97, 11/28/2005, 3/16/2007 ========================================================================================== Figure IX. For Students who may Know Greek and/or Hebrew, this Is the Syllabus' Use of Hebrew & Greek Transliteration (not Transcription) System for ENG 130, Biblical & Classical Literature and ENG 330, Literature of the Bible. (Only ASCII Characters; No Enhancements or Embedded Codes.) Alpha is represented as A or a Beta is represented as B or b Gamma is represented as G or g Delta is represented as D or d Epsilon is represented as E or e Zeta is represented as Z or z Eta is represented as E: or e: Theta is represented as Th or th Iota is represented as I or i Kappa is represented as K or k Lambda is represented as L or l Mu is represented as M or m Nu is represented as N or n Xi is represented as Ks or ks Omicron is represented as O or o Pi is represented as P or p Rho is represented as R or r Sigma is represented as S , s or c Tau is represented as T or t Upsilon is represented as U or u Phi is represented as Ph or ph Chi is represented as Kh or kh Psi is represented as Ps or ps Omega is represented as O: or o: Iota Subscripts Alpha Iota Subscript is represented as a= Omega Iota Subscript is represented as o= and Eta Iota Subscript is represented as e=. Accents (Prevowel) Acute is represented as ! Circumflex: is represented as " Grave is represented as ' Breathings: Smooth is represented as Unmarked; Rough is represented as marked h or H, but with "r" is transliterated after it. Raised Stop: is represented as - Full Stop: is represented as . Interrogative: is represented as ; --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- In all cases, "aalep= is represented as " Normally, be-th is represented as bh but with daageesh lene as b Normally, gi-mel is represented as gh but with daageesh lene as g Normally, daleth is represented as dh but with daageesh lene as d Normally, hee is represented as h but with mappi-q as h= Non-vocalic vaav is represented as v In all cases, zajin is represented as z In all cases, h-e-th is represented as h- In all cases, t-e-th is represented as t- Non-vocalic jo-dh is represented as j Normally, kap= is represented as kh but with daageesh lene as k or when final as k= In all cases, laamedh is represented as l Normally, me-m= is represented as m but when final as m= Normally, nu-n= is represented as n but when final as n= In all cases, saamek= is represented as s In all cases, 'aji-n= is represented as ' Normally, pee is represented as ph but with daageesh lene as p or when final as p= Normally, z-aadhe- is represented as z- or when final as z= In all cases, qop= is represented as q In all cases, re-sh is represented as r In all cases, s-i-n= is represented as s- In all cases, shi-n= is represented as sh Normally, taav is represented as th but with daageesh lene as t sh:wa- (vocal) is represented as : s:gho-l is represented as e and h-aat-eep= s:gho-l is represented as e: pathah- is represented as a and h-aat-eep= pathah- is represented as a: qaamez= h-aat-u-p= is represented as o and h-aat-eep= qaamez= is represented as o: h-i-req (short) is represented as i and h-i-req (long) is represented as i- z-eere- is represented as ee and z-eere- (with jo-dh) is represented as e- qaamez= raah-aabh is represented as aa and qaamez= (with hee) is represented as a- h-oolem= is represented as oo and h-oolem= (with vaav) is represented as o- qibbu-z= is represented as u and shu-req is represented as u- Capitalized Vowel(s) Mark Stress on Words of 3 or more Syllables or on 2-Syllable mil'e-l words, if any Marking Is Needed ========================================================================================== 6.00 Bibliography. (The Core of this Bibliography was Prepared by and is Reproduced with the Gracious Permission of Dr. David Lampe. Some Deletions and Additions Made Serve this Course's Specific Needs. The Format, Altered from Dr. Lampe's, Conforms to Use Elsewhere in this Syllabus.) BIBLE DICTIONARIES Achtemeir, P.J. ed. _Harper's Bible Dictionary_ NY: Harper Row, 1985-- Ref. BS/440/H237. Alexander, Pat. ed. _Eerdman's Concise Bible Encyclopedia_ Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdman's Publishing Co., 1980--BS/417/E342. Buttrick, G.A. ed. _The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible_ NY: Abingdon Press, 1962--BS/440/I63. Davis, John D. _Davis' Dictionary of the Bible_ Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1961--BS/440/D3. Gehman, H.S. ed. _New Westminster Dictionary of the Bible_ PA: Westmin- ster, 1970-BS/440/G4. Hastings, J. ed. _Dictionary of the Bible_ Rev. F.C. Grant H.H. Rowley. NY: Scribner's, 1963--BS/440/H5. Smith, William Jr. _The New Smith's Bible Dictionary_ Rev. by R.G. Lemmons with V. Gideon, R.F. Gribble, J.W. Roberts. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1966--BS/440/S67 Unger, M.F. _Unger's Bible Dictionary_ 3rd. Ed. Chicago: Moody Press, 1966--BS/440/V5. Wigoder, Geoffrey. Gen. ed. _Illustrated Dictionary & Concordance of the Bible_ eds. Old Testament, Shalom M. Paul; New Testament, Benedict T. Viviano; Biblical Archaeology, Ephraim Stern. NY: MacMillan, 1986--BS/440/I36. COMMENTARIES _Anchor Bible_ 59 Volumes Planned. NY: Doubleday, 1964--BS/192.2/A1 Brown, R.R. ed. _Jerome Biblical Commentary_ Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1968--BS/491.2/B7. Buttrick, G.A. ed. _The Interpreter's Bible: A Commentary in 12 Volumes_ Nashville, TN: Abingdon, 1951-57--Ref. BS/491.2/I55. Clarke, W.K.L. ed. _Concise Bible Commentary_ NY: MacMillan, 1953 --BS/491/C625. Dancy, J.C; Fuerst, W.J.; and Hammer, R.J. eds. _The Shorter Books of the Apocrypha N.E.B._ Cambridge U. Press, 1972--BS/I695/D3. Davies, G.H.; Richardson, A; Wallis, C.L. eds. >The Twentieth Century Bible Commentary< Rev. ed. NY: Harper,1955-BS/491/T4 Eiselen, F.C. ed. _Abingdon Bible Commentary_ NY: Abingdon, 1929-- BS/491/E5. Guthrie, D.; Motyer, J.A.; Davidson, F. eds. _The New Bible Commen- tary. R.S.V._ Rev. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1970--BS/491.2/G8. Hertz, J.H. ed. _The Pentateuch & Haftorahs: Hebrew Text, English Translation & Commentary_ 2nd. ed. Soncino Press, 1981-- BS/I225/H47. Lace, O.J. ed. _Understanding the New Testament_ Cambridge U. Press, 1965--BS/2530/L32. Mays, J.L. ed. _Harper's Bible Commentary_ NY: Harper Row, 1988 --Ref. BS/491.2/H37. SOURCES de Vaux, Roland. _Ancient Israel: its Life Institutions_ NY: McGraw-Hill, 1961--BS/112/V313. Pritchard, John B. _The Ancient Near East: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures. 2 Volumes_ Princeton, NJ: Princeton Press, 1958-- BS/1180/P82. Thomas, D.W. ed. _Documents from Old Testament Times_ NY: Harper, 1961--BS/1180/S66. CONCORDANCES Cruden, Alexander. ed. _Complete Concordance_ Chicago: Winston, 1930 --BS/425/C85. Joy, Charles R. _A Concordance of Bible Readings_ Cleveland: World Publishing Co., 1965--BS/432/J618. Metzger, B.M. ed. _A Concordance to the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books of the R.S.V._ Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans/London: Collins, 1983--BS/1700/C66. _Nelson's Complete Concordance_ Nashville, TN: Nelson, 1957--BS/425/E4. _Oxford Cyclopedic Concordance_ London: Oxford Press, 1947--BS/425/O9. Strong, James. ed. _Exhaustive Concordance. K.J._ NY: Abingdon-Cokebury P., 1953--BS/425/S8. Young, Robert ed. _Analytical Concordance to the Bible_ Nashville, TN: T Nelson, 1980--BS/425/Y7. ENCYCLOPEDIAS/DICTIONARIES OF RELIGION. Addis, W.E. Arnold, Thomas eds. _A Catholic Dictionary_ St. Louis: B. Herder, 1960--BX/841/A3. Angeles, P.A. ed. _Dictionary of Christian Theology_ San Francisco: Harper Row, 1985--BR/95/A54. Cross, F.L. Livingstone, E.A. _The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church_ 2nd. ed. London/NY: Oxford U. Press, 1974--BR/95/O8. Elwell, W.A. ed. _Evangelical Dictionary of Theology_ Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1984--BR/95/E87. _Encyclopedia Judaica_ NY: McMillan, 1972--DS/102.8/E496. Erickson, Millard J. _Concise Dictionary of Christian Theology_ Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House, 1986--BR/95/E75. Gouker, Loice. Compiler. _Dictionary of Church Terms and Symbols_ Ed. by C.F. Weidmann. Norwalk, CT: C.R. Gison Co., 1964--BR/95/N38. Komonchak, J.A., Collins, Mary Dermot, A.L. _The New Dictionary of Theology_ Wilmington, DE: Michael Glazier, 1987--BR/95/N38. Malloch, James M. Compiler. _A Practical Church Dictionary_ Ed. by Kay Smallzreid, NY: Morehouse-Barlow, 1964 BR/95/M37. _New Catholic Encyclopedia_ Prepared by ed. staff of Catholic U. of America. NY: McGraw-Hill /Washington DC: Publishers' Guild, 1967--BX/841/N44. Retief, Andre. ed. _The Catholic Spirit_ Trans. from French by Aldheim Dean. NY: Hawthorn Books, 1963--BX/1751.2/R453. Singer, Isidore Adler, Cyrus. eds. _The Jewish Encyclopedia_ NY: Publishing House, (n.d.)--DS/102.8/J65. Werblowski, R.J. Zwi Wigoder, Geoffrey. eds. _The Encyclopedia of the Jewish Religion_ NY: Holt, Rinehart Winston, 1966--BM/50/W45. CYBERSOURCES Bible History Links Page. 2001. Bible History on Line. http://www.bible-history.com Easton Bible Reference. Public Domain. M.G. Easton M.A. D.D., _Illustrated Bible Dictionary._ 3rd. Ed. 1897. Thomas Nelson. http://www.studylight.org/dic/ebd/ Jewish Bible Reference. Navigating the Bible. 2000 World ORT. http://bible.ort.org/books/glosd1.asp _New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia._ 2000. Kevin Knight. http://newadvent.org/cathen/ WEB BIBLE ENCYCLOPEDIA. 2000-2007 Eden Communications. http://www.christiananswers.net/dictionary/home.html Homepage Syllabi